19th Century

The 19th Century

The USS Housatonic is struck by H.L. Hunley's torpedo. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, March 1864

War


The H.L. Hunley


The H.L Hunley was a confederate submarine and the first to sink a ship that implemented the spar torpedo, which has to be rammed into the ship to make the torpedo explode. 

"[The H.L. Hunley] is about 35 feet long; height about same as "David" (5½ feet); has propellers at the end; she is not driven by steam, but her propeller is turned by hand. Has two manholes on the upper side, about 12 to 14 feet apart. The entrance into her is through these manholes, the covers being turned back. They are all used to look out of." - Rear-Admiral Dahlgren, Jan 7, 1864

"[The] U. S. S. Housatonic, on the blockade off Charleston, S. C., was torpedoed by a rebel "David" [H. L. Hunley] and sunk on the night of the 17th February about 9 o'clock." - Rear-Admiral Dahlgren, Feb 19, 1864

Confederate submarine which sank the Housatonic, 1900 and 1901,

"Singer Torpedo Designed for H.L Hunley", Quincy Adams Gallimore, 1864

"The officer of the deck perceived a moving object on the water quite near and ordered the chain to be slipped; the captain and executive officer went on deck, saw the object, and each fired at it with a small arm. In an instant the ship was struck on the starboard side, between the main and mizzen masts; those on deck near were stunned, the vessel begun to sink, and went down almost immediately. " (Report of Rear-Admiral Dahlgren, U.S. Navy, commanding the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, FLAG-STEAMER PHILADELPHIA, Port Royal Harbor, S. C., February 19, 1864.​​​​​​​)

Exploration


The Deane Brothers



John and Charles Deane invented the first diving helmet in 1828, originally intended for fire-fighting purposes. 

"[It was] an apparatus or machine to be worn by persons entering rooms or other places filled with smoke or other vapor, for the purpose of extinguishing fire or extricating persons or property therein." - Charles Deane, 1828​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

It became a diving helmet, the first in the world, used in diving bells to get valualbe items from wreckages and stop fires on ships

Deane's original helmet design plans (1828)

"Later Deane went off with the sweepers (men who go sweeping for anchors and chains which are lost by ships). When they came fast to an anchor, he could go down in his diving dress, the men on the deck pumping air to him. He would then make fast a chain, and they would heave up the anchor. He then went out to a wreck and sent up several things that had lain there for years." - John Bevan, 1828

Augustus Siebe's Diving Suit, 1839

Augustus Siebe


Augustus Siebe improved on the Deane brothers design and attached his new helmet to a diving suit and create the first closed diving suit. In 1870, his son Henry and son-in-law William Gorman created a lighter and better version of the 1839 model, and another helmet in 1880, the first to have circular windows. 


"The helmet has 3 to 4 glass windows, of which the main can be unscrewed, as well as valves for the air inlet and outlet as well as a control valve , whereby the diver himself, with regard to the depth, can adjust his air supply; nowadays, an ​​​​​​​electric 

lamp ​​​​​​​and a loud telephone are often accommodated on the helmet . The helmet's air drain valve can be operated by the diver; through its shutdown, the suit is filled with air, and the diver floats up. The inlet valve is designed so that the air cannot leave the suit in the event of damage to the pump or hose. Should such damage occur,however , the diver has sufficient air quantity in the suit to safely reach the surface. The helmet is screwed with wing nuts waterproof to the rubber boots, lead weights are hung above the chest and back, and the shoes are also equipped with lead soles (the lead load weighs about 63 kg.)." - Beniot Rouquaryol, 1860

Benoit Rouquaryol & Auguste Denayrouze



This diving apparatus allowed the user to get air underwater and filter out the carbon dioxide. This was originally used for fire-fighting purposes but was repurposed for diving purposes.

Denayrouze and Rouquaryol's diving apparatus, 1860


Rodrigo Suarez Lopez Gallo and Anish Leekkala

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Special Prize: Maritime History: National Maritime Historical Society

Special Prize: Military History: Arkansas National Guard Museum Foundation